10/26/2026
In 1934, representatives of Germany’s Protestant churches gathered in Wupperthal, Barmen, and wrote a letter to the German people on the unity of the church and its freedom in Jesus Christ. The Theological Declaration of Barmen, drafted by theologians Karl Barth and Hans Asmussen, is in the Book of Confessions, one of only three additions to the book made in the 20th century. We remember this modest text because of its situation—it accused the official church of N**i Germany, the Reichskirche, of error.
Few German Protestants opposed the N**is—only about 10 percent of German ministers were members of the Confessing Church. And the drafters made clear that Barmen was a theological document, not a political one. Wilhelm Niemöller, whose brother Martin was amongst the Barmen drafters, wrote in 1956: “The confessing Church has never, neither during Hitler’s reign nor afterwards, made a point of being understood as a ’resistance movement,’ or as an ‘opposition,’ or as a ‘front.’ It wanted to witness the one Word in our world and time.”
In preparing a new Book of Confessions for the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. in 1965 and 1966, the General Assembly's Committee of Fifteen selected the Barmen declaration to represent modern Christendom. The banner representing Barmen was designed by the duo Avery and Marsh, better known for their musical theater and hymns. It shows the sw****ka struck through and the cross rising.
Learn more about the Barmen Declaration at https://hubs.ly/Q04zdmSm0