07/06/2026
America 250: How Black Soldiers and Spies Shaped The American Revolution
From double agents to a historic proclamation pulling enslaved people onto the battlefield, here are some little-known stories of Black folks’ contributions during the American Revolution on Independence Day.
By
Phenix S Halley
Published
July 6, 2026
ENGRAVING OF BOSTON MASSACRE MARCH 5 1770 AMERICAN REVOLUTION (Photo by H. Armstrong Roberts/ClassicStock/Getty Images)
The 250th anniversary of America arrives as historians continue to confront the full, complicated truth of the American Revolution and the Black soldiers, spies and petitioners whose stories have often been pushed to the margins. While Crispus Attucks is often remembered as a symbol of resistance after his death in the Boston Massacre, the war itself was shaped by many more Black lives in motion–fighting, escaping, gathering intelligence and demanding recognition in a nation still defining its meaning of freedom.
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While it’s estimated that around 5,000 Black men fought on the Patriots’ side, thousands more Black people — enslaved and free alike– fought for the British, according to the Museum of the American Revolution. From double agents whose intelligence helped secure victory at Yorktown to the historic 1775 proclamation that pulled thousands of enslaved people into British lines, Black folks’ contributions to the war effort were vast, timely and often crucial to the Patriots’ victory.
Beyond battle, figures like Prince Whipple and Dinah Whipple show how the Revolution extended into petitions, education and early Black community building. Together, their stories reveal a founding era defined not only by independence and exactly who was excluded from it.
The Consequences of Dunmore’s Proclamation
Dunmore’s Proclamation by Virginia’s royal governor promised freedom to enslaved people who left Patriot enslavers and joined British forces in 1775, according to the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. It led hundreds of the enslaved to escape and fight for Britain, while intensifying fears among slaveholders and pushing Virginia toward rebellion. As a result, more Black soldiers enlisted with the British, slave patrols intensified and long-term resettlement of Black Loyalists continued way after the war finally ended.
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The Rise of the Royal Ethiopian Regiment
The demand upon Governor Dunmore by Patrick Henry in 1775. Patrick Henry, 1736 – 1799. American attorney, planter, politician, orator, Governor of Virginia and Founding Father. John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, 1730 – 1809 aka Lord Dunmore. Scottish peer and colonial governor in the American colonies. From The History of Our Country, published 1900. (Photo by: Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
After the war proclamation, Dunmore himself organized runaway slaves into an armed unit known as the Ethiopian Regiment, which provided military labor, intelligence and limited combat support, according to the American Battlefield Trust
The regiment assisted British operations in Virginia, including clashes like Kemp’s Landing and Great Bridge, but suffered heavy losses from disease, warfare and evacuation. As Patriot resistance strengthened, Dunmore was forced to retreat from Virginia, and the Ethiopian Regiment was eventually broken up and absorbed into other British units or dispersed. Still, the misfit band of Black soldiers stands as one of the most effective defenses in the revolution.
Cato
After painting by Edward P Moran. Revolutionary War 1775-1783 (American War of Independence): Washington at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, l December 1777 the site he chose for the winter quarters of the (American) Continental Army. (Photo by: Photo12/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
An enslaved man known as Cato, likely associated with the Schuyler family, may have helped Revolutionary spy Hercules Mulligan relay intelligence that exposed a British plot to assassinate George Washington in 1779, Smithsonian Magazine reported. Recent historical research suggests Cato carried Mulligan’s warning from New York to Patriot contacts. However, evidence remains partly circumstantial, and his exact role and identity are still debated among historians.
James Armistead Lafayette
Fascimile of the Marquis de Lafayette’s original certificate commending James Armistead for his revolutionary war service, 1784. From the New York Public Library. (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images).
James Armistead Lafayette was born into slavery in Virginia and became a Patriot double agent during the war, according to the American Battlefield Trust. Pretending to be a runaway, he gained British trust, gathered vital intelligence and supplied misleading information that helped secure victory at Yorktown. After years of petitioning and with Marquis de Lafayette’s support, he gained freedom in 1787 and later adopted Lafayette’s surname.
Pompey Lamb
Battle of Bunkers’ Hill’, 1859. During the Siege of Boston in the early stages of American Revolutionary War, the battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775,) is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Boston. After John Trumbull (1756-1843). From The History of England by David Hume & Tobias Smollett. [Virtue & Co., London, 1859]. Artist: JC Armytage. (Photo by Print Collector/Getty Images)
Pompey Lamb is traditionally remembered as a Black spy during the American Revolution who allegedly helped Patriot forces at the Battle of Stony Point by gathering intelligence while posing as a fruit seller inside the British fort, according to the American Battlefield Trust. However, historians aren’t too sure he really existed. The story is largely anecdotal because it lacks primary-source evidence. Still, his legend highlights the possibility that many Black spies’ contributions remain undocumented.
Austin Dabney
(Photo by: Pictures From History/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
Austin Dabney was an enslaved Black man who became one of Georgia’s most recognized Black Patriots. According to All Things Liberty, he was sent as a substitute for his enslaver and served in the Georgia militia under Elijah Clarke during the Revolutionary War. He was seriously wounded at Augusta and later cared for by a white family. In 1786, Georgia granted him freedom, a pension and land, making him one of the few Black veterans formally rewarded for service.
Belinda Sutton
(Original Caption) Molly Pitcher (1754-1832), American Revolutionary heroine.
Belinda Sutton was an African-born woman enslaved by the Royall family in Massachusetts who became one of the most important early Black petitioners for compensation after the American Revolution, according to the Royall House and Slave Quarters. After Isaac Royall Jr. fled as a Loyalist, Massachusetts seized his estate, and in 1783 Belinda petitioned the legislature for reparations based on her decades of forced labor and suffering.
In her petition, she described her kidnapping from Africa, long enslavement and argued that the wealth of her enslaver was built through her labor. The legislature granted her a yearly pension, though payments were inconsistent and she had to re-petition multiple times over the following years.
Ishmael Titus
Charlotte, North Carolina, African American historic marker, Ishmael Titus Revolutionary War soldier, sign brass plaque. (Photo by: Jeffrey Greenberg/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
Ishmael Titus was born into slavery in Virginia around 1743 and earned his freedom by serving in the American Revolution in place of his enslaver, according to the Charlotte Museum of History. He later re-enlisted voluntarily and fought at the Battles of Kings Mountain and Guilford Courthouse. Although his Revolutionary War pension application was denied, he became recognized as an important Black Patriot whose service is commemorated today.
Peter Salem
Engraving depicting the shooting of Major Pitcairn by the African-American soldier Peter Salem at the Battle of Bunker Hill during the Revolutionary War.
Peter Salem was born into slavery in Massachusetts and gained his freedom so he could enlist in the Patriot militia during the American Revolution. He fought at Lexington and Concord and is widely remembered for his role at the Battle of Bunker Hill, the American Battlefield Trust reported. That’s where he may have mortally wounded Major John Pitcairn. Salem continued serving throughout the war but died in poverty despite his distinguished military service.
Salem Poor
A memorial in downtown Savannah commemorating Haitian soldiers who served in the American Revolution- the memorial depicts members of the the Volunteer-Hunters of Saint-Domingue- (Les Chasseurs-Volontaires de Saint-Domingue) – a volunteer regiment made up of ten companies of light infantry. (Photo by Epics/Getty Images)
Salem Poor was born enslaved in Andover, Massachusetts, and purchased his freedom in 1769. He later joined Patriot forces and fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775, where officers praised his extraordinary bravery and petitioned for his recognition as a “brave and gallant soldier,” according to the American Battlefield Trust. He continued serving in the Continental Army through the Revolutionary War but faced poverty after the war, ultimately dying in 1802 in Boston.
Barzillai Lew
(Photo by Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
Barzillai Lew was a free Black man born in Massachusetts in 1743 who became a skilled fifer and drummer during both the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. He enlisted in 1775 and fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill, where his music helped boost Patriot morale during combat, according to the African American Registry.
After the war, he and his family built a stable life as landowners and farmers in Massachusetts, raising a large family. Lew’s life reflects both Black military service in the Revolution and the possibilities of limited postwar freedom and community building.
Prince Whipple
Article number 10 of a copy of the Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783 and officially ended the American Revolutionary War, is displayed during a preview of the “Freedom Plane National Tour: Documents That Forged a Nation” exhibition at the Museum of Miami in Miami, Florida, on June 18, 2026. The museum is one of eight venues selected to host the National Archives traveling exhibition marking the 250th anniversary of the United States, from June 20 to July 5, 2026. (Photo by CHANDAN KHANNA / AFP via Getty Images)
Prince Whipple was an enslaved African man who fought on the side of the Americans while serving under New Hampshire officer William Whipple. In 1779, he joined a petition demanding freedom, arguing that liberty was a natural right the new nation was supposed to uphold, Civics For Life reported. The request was ignored, exposing the gap between Revolutionary ideals and the reality of slavery.
Dinah Whipple
The First Continental Rhode Island Infantry march out between 1782 and 1796. Pictured in this 1899 paintings are the commander in chief, staff officer, colonel, private, and troops. This was the time of the American revolution (1775-1783). (Photo by: Ivy Close Images/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
Dinah Whipple, a formerly enslaved woman in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, played a central role in early Black education and community life right after the American Revolution, according to the New Hampshire Women’s Foundation. Emancipated at age 21, she married Prince Whipple and later raised their family after he died in 1797.
Around 1807, she founded and ran the Ladies Charitable African Society School in her home, likely the only school in New Hampshire for Black children. She operated it for decades while supporting her family in difficult economic conditions. Though little of her own writing survives, historical records show her lasting impact as an educator and community leader.
