08/15/2026
Coming back to Magnifica Humanitas, Pope Leo spends most of chapter 5 talking about war. That’s a bit of a complicated subject, because pretty much none of us have anything to do with war directly. We may serve in the military, we may express political activism, but for the most part, our role in any particular war is, if I can be crude about it, the role of spectator.
We have a terrible tendency to treat war like just another sport, the team of good guys is going against the team of bad guys. Pope Leo is addressing world leaders in particular in this chapter, but we must also receive his teaching soberly; we have to realize the terrible cost of war, we cannot grow jaded to so much death. He says early on in this chapter that “peace is not simply one issue among others, but a prerequisite for the universal good and a test of the moral maturity of peoples.”
As a good Augustinian, of course he turns to St. Augustine of Hippo. Commenting on Psalm 84, “justice and peace have embraced,” St. Augustine says “There is no one who shuns the desire for peace, yet not everyone is willing to practice justice…But perform the works of justice, keeping in mind that justice and peace have embraced; they are not at odds with one another. Why do you set yourself against justice? Here, for example, is justice telling you not to steal, but you pay no heed; not to commit adultery, and you turn a deaf ear; not to do to others what you would not want done to yourself; not to say about your neighbor the things you would not want said about yourself… Do you therefore wish to attain peace? Then practice justice!”
Pope Leo offers this reflection from St. Augustine to call on us all to practice peace at every level. Everyone wants peace, at least for himself, but we are so often unwilling to practice justice consistently. The Scriptures themselves attest that peace cannot be separated from justice, from the common good of all men. If we talk about the social teaching of the Church, peace is inextricable. It would be hypocritical to have a society that apparently follows the social doctrine of the Church at home, while waging war abroad. Pope Leo does not call out any particular nations by name, but rather condemns war and certain practices in war, especially new practices made possible through the advancement of technology.
On that note, Pope Leo said something here that really excited me, and is likely to upset some people. St. Augustine, building on the work of the great Roman Senator Cicero, developed what is commonly called “Just War Theory.” The theory governs how a legitimate government should act before, during, and after war. A nation must only go to war as a last resort, for a legitimate reason, with reasonable assurance of success. In war, to put it simple, they shouldn’t commit war crimes. After war, the terms of peace must ensure both justice and lasting peace. The international order following WWII focused on criminal prosecution of high-ranking N***s, and the rebuilding of Germany as a legitimate liberal democracy, purged of the ideological poison of N***sm.
At any rate, what Pope Leo said that excited me is “Without prejudice to the right to self-defense in the strictest sense, it is important to reaffirm that the ‘just war’ theory, which has all too often been used to justify any kind of war, is now outdated.” I’ve been saying for years that JWT is outdated, for the exact reasons Pope Leo talks about. It assumes a war between two legitimate forces, in a conflict with discrete objectives. Berlin was captured, and the war was won in Europe.
But what are the terms of the forever war going on across the Levant? How is a war waged against what is more of a band of political partisans than the army of a legitimate government, like Hezbollah? How do you justly discriminate between military and civilian targets when the two are so often entwined? To say nothing of the technological challenges to Just War Theory, such as the use of drones. Pope Leo does not throw Just War Theory away, but calls for a reform, and above all else, redoubled efforts to peaceful resolutions rather than violence.
Yours in Christ,
Rev. Chase Goodman