03/23/2021
The One and the Three
Nature, Person and Triadic Monarchy in the Greek and Irish Patristic Tradition
by Chrysostom Koutloumousianos
I carved the beloved name
In the shade of the aged olive tree
In the roaring of the lifelong sea.
— Odysseus Elytis
God, my God, and God, triple oneness.
— Gregory of Nazianzus
Gregory firmly argues that oneness and sameness derive from one and the same essence, while at the same time each Person himself bears the whole essence and divinity. Although the distinctiveness makes the threeness, the identity according to nature makes the oneness; and this identity of nature makes the Persons identical. Thus, the name God indicates not a person, but the essence – not in the sense that it reveals the unapproachable ‘what’ of that unnameable nature, but in the sense that it intimates it through an essential characteristic.220 His line of argument against the pagans is based on the premise that the name God is not a privative attribute. The words ‘God’, ‘Good’, ‘Holy’, ‘Saviour’, and all the divine names, are employed in the singular, in accordance with the singular nature.221 For this reason, fatherhood in the Trinity does not give us the right to call the Father ‘God of the Word’, unless we refer to the incarnate Word, namely to the economy.222 It is noticeable that the Cappadocian feels the need to compensate for his ‘essentialism’ by reaffirming the principle of causality: he counterbalances common essence and causality as the two pillars of the divine being; the former referring to the ‘what it is’, grounding absolute oneness; the latter indicating the ‘how it is’, in the differentiation of the unique hypostases.
Gregory Nazianzen preaches that the term ‘God’ encompasses unity and distinction at the same time, that is, the One and the Three; ‘Three from the point of view of properties or hypostases . . . or persons . . . One in respect of the essence or the divinity’. In the three he sees the Godhead; or, ‘more precisely, the three are the Godhead’.223 Having associated the Oneness with the divine essence or divinity, Gregory proceeds to the scriptural scheme describing the divine order in the work of creation and salvation: ἐξ οὗ (from), δι’ οὗ (through), ἐν ᾧ (in). ‘For to us there is One God, the Father, of Whom are all things, and One Lord Jesus Christ, by Whom are all things and One Holy Ghost, in Whom are all things.’224 He explains that the above prepositional phrases ‘denote the properties of a nature which is one and unconfused. And this is evident from the fact that they are again gathered into one’. Thus, it is plain that the term God cannot be ultimately attributed to the Father except only as a terminus technicus corresponding to the hypostatic names...
Our teacher is Paul, he says elsewhere, who sometimes ‘counts up the Three Persons, and that in varied order, not keeping the same order, but reckoning one and the same Person now first, now second, now third; and for what purpose? Why, to show the equality of nature . . . and at times he separates the Persons saying, “One God, of whom are all things, and we in Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we by Him”; at other times he brings together the one Godhead, “For of Him and through Him and in Him are all things.”’226 In this passage Gregory offers the necessary qualifier. We can speak about God’s being in a twofold way: from the viewpoint of distinction, where the name God is used of the Father, and from the viewpoint of unity, where all the hypostases are ‘brought together’ in the common divinity and essence. To employ the terminology of the Areopagite, all names are ascribed totally to God in His entirety, except the non- interchangeable attributes that specify the Persons.227
Again, John of Damascus lucidly and creatively sums up the previous tradition. He espouses the etymological interpretation of the name ‘God’ as describing the activity either of ‘running’ (because He courses through all things), or of ‘burning up’ (as fire consuming all evils), or of ‘beholding’ (for He is all-seeing).228 Quoting or rephrasing the Cappadocians, after having referred to the one cause, he gives the image of the ‘three suns cleaving to each other without separation and giving out light mingled and conjoined into one’.229 He is also quite clear in his distinction between the natural and the personal notes of character.
The name God is applicable to each of the persons, but we cannot use the term Godhead with reference to person ... For Godhead implies nature, while Father implies subsistence just as Humanity implies nature, and Peter subsistence. But God indicates the common element of the nature, and is applicable derivatively to each of the hypostases, just as man is.
Apostolic succession (often thought of as the historical line of ordinations) is identified with the apostolic tradition, namely the ‘teaching of truth’, preserved in the life of the local churches...
there is no hierarchy whatsoever in the Trinity (either immanent or economic), where the second and the third are equal and co-original;374 and, as we have already observed, if there is a hierarchy in the Church, it is a hierarchy of virtue, enlightenment and, therefore, initiation. The gift of unity takes place in the name of Christ only, who is entirely present in His Church and does not need any representative...
Man’s personal appropriation of salvific grace is not exclusively restricted to his participation in the sacraments. Macarius points to a deeper reality when he says that ‘Christ, the good artist, for those who believe in him and gaze continually at him, portrays after his own image a heavenly man. Out of his own Spirit, out of the substance of light itself, the ineffable light, he paints a heavenly image . . . If a man does not gaze constantly at him, overlooking everything else, the Lord will not paint his image with his own light.’100 One must read the image–archetype correspondence in light of this observation. Otherwise it leads to a frozen hierarchy, which tends to generate or justify an ideology of subordination. Although Christ is given in the Eucharist, a theophany is not confined to the sacrament; indeed Christ’s revelation is not confined to any form, nor conditioned by any created law...
What is the underlying theological principle of the charismatic life within or beyond the institutional context? It is the concept of the uncreated activities, which covers the whole range of life, and which lies behind all patristic anthropology and soteriology. A human being is deified by grace, through the person of Christ, that is, by the activities of the divine essence, which are genuinely God and not simply created effects of God’s providence. The patristic distinction between essence and energies in God is not a metaphysical concept grounded on Aristotelian principles, but the verbalisation in theological terms of the reality of communion between God and the cosmos, since every particle of the world participates in God’s creative being, according to its given potential. So, the distinction remains the interpretative key to religious experience. It gives us the right to say that a human being can act by means of an energy that does belong to his nature, and that God acts in him without imparting His essence to the creature.101
In the body of Christ growth is given to each member and through each member by the divine energies. This is the light that illuminates the soul and enables the body to participate in God’s glory; ‘the one ray’ we receive ‘from the one Godhead in Christ’,102 the light ‘which is contemplated in the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, whose riches is Their unity of nature, and the one outleaping of Their brightness’. For ‘God is Light . . . presenting Himself to our minds in proportion as we are cleansed; and loved in proportion to His presence to our minds; and again, conceived in proportion to our love for Him.’103 That was the fire that burned the bush without consuming it, thereby showing its nature and declaring its inherent power. That was the light of the Old Testament’s theophanies, the same light that shone round the shepherds, the star that went before the wise men to guide their way to Bethlehem. It was that Godhead that was shown upon the mountain to the disciples – ‘and a little too strong for their eyes’; the eschatological Light ‘to those who have been purified’, the same Light that illuminates us in baptism.104 According to the Celtic catechist, in this splendore trinitatis we see and participate in Christ’s divinity.105 For, as Diadochos says, unless the Spirit’s divinity ‘shines actively on the treasuries of our hearts we will not be able to taste what is good with an undivided sense’.106
The uncreated energies – God’s holy fire – make us partakers of the divine nature, transforming us into Gods by and in grace. The divine grace becomes, as it were, ‘the one energy of God and His saints’, proceeding from the divine essence and becoming an attribute of the saints, permeating them ‘by grace’.107 Indeed, the number is mutually interchangeable from singular to plural, for the energies are both one and innumerable, and in each one the whole and undivided God is hidden and revealed in His procession to and activity in each and every particle of creation. It is the divine energy that safeguards the integrity of the whole, being the common creative foundation, and it is the same energy that dignifies the particular, since it calls for a personal response and provides the ground for a deep relationship between God and man.
God’s presence is manifested on the one hand through the general grace which consists of His very life, namely eternity, glory, love and simplicity dispensed to all, the ‘goodness’ which ‘comes into being . . . although by nature it is uncreated’,108 and on the other hand it is manifested through particular gifts which form specific functions. The latter include what we might now call institutional expressions (pastors and teachers) or charismatic expressions (apostles, prophets, evangelists). What substantiates and permeates all these is the energies of the Spirit, which transfigures each member according to one’s measure, in other words, by conferring the essential glory and sempiternal life of God.109 Therefore, God’s life-giving presence, no matter whether manifested in or beyond institutions or structures, is always charismatic. The outcome is sanctity, by virtue of which God is active through the saints.
This is a mystery worked out in God incarnate on account of what we call communicatio idiomatum. For in Christ human nature, remaining totally human, received the one ray from the one Godhead... The uncreated energy is from the essence and within the essence. The perfect work of love and the fulfilment of its energy is the interchange of the attributes and names of those natures that are united in love.112
How can the theology of the energies contribute to the desideratum of the unity of humankind? The tradition of the desert emphasises the unity of the Spirit not in the obedience to a person, but in the inner unity and the diversity of personal gifts, which are offered through partaking in the divine nature – the common energies: ‘The souls of the Christians are made of the one Divinity’s heavenly light, the diverse gifts of the one Spirit.’113 God becomes light within the human being through the act of imitation; light manifested as virtue and knowledge. Because the energies of the Spirit are not autonomous operations but manifestations of the undivided procession of Divinity to creation, or the ‘processions and manifestations of the thearchy’,114 each of them carries the undivided whole or, in scriptural terms, the one fruit of the Spirit, granted to all persons according to the measure of each one’s faith and culminating in love. In this sense we have a mutual inherence of all gifts in each particular gift and, thus, a mutual inherence of all persons, a reciprocity of essential love.