04/29/2026
I am in the midst of writing a book on NCT. Here is a short portion on Covenants that I am making available to you for your comments.
COVENANTS
My Understanding of Covenants
There is no covenant in the Garden of Eden. The first covenant is made with Noah and this covenant guarantees that the present heavens and earth will not be destroyed until God’s plan of salvation is accomplished. The Abrahamic Covenant is the unveiling of God’s plan to save a people and to bring them into his land. The Abrahamic Covenant embraces both the Old and the New Covenants. The Old Covenant is a works covenant that functions as a temporary picture of what the New Covenant is going to accomplish through the saving work of Jesus on the cross. The Davidic Covenant establishes both the picture of the king over the kingdom of God, which is David as the king of Israel, and also the true king of the eternal kingdom of God, which is Jesus the Messiah, the King of Kings and Lord of Lords.
What is a Covenant?
There is no debate that the concept of the covenant is a significant idea in Scripture. There is much debate concerning what is a covenant and how we are able to identify a covenant.
Let’s first tackle the question as to exactly what is a covenant. I would say that a covenant is some sort of an arrangement between two parties. In saying what I have said, I am very aware that my definition is a bit vague, but it is vague by design. In Scripture there are a variety of types of covenants. We will examine each covenant in its biblical context and allow Scripture to interpret itself, or to say it another way, to allow God to interpret his own word. We must remember that the final determiner of meaning is the context of the passage or concept in question.
As to the identification of a covenant much needs to be said. To say that something is a covenant you need to have it described as a covenant in its original context, or you need it described as a covenant in another passage of Scripture. The Davidic Covenant is a clear example. In its original context there is no mention of the word covenant (2 Samuel 7:1-16). In 2 Samuel 23:5 David himself describes the promise that God had made with him in 2 Samuel 7 as a covenant.
If my house were not right with God, surely he would not have made with me an everlasting covenant, arranged and secured in every part; surely he would not bring to fruition my salvation and grant me my every desire. (2 Sam. 23:5)
What should you do when you think something is a covenant but there is no mention of it as a covenant in its original context and there is also no mention of it as a covenant in any other passage of Scripture? If this is the case then we must conclude that if the divine author of Scripture wanted us to understand something as a covenant then he would give us clear language to come to the conclusion that it was a covenant. It should also be pointed out that covenant is a high profile term in Scripture in understanding God’s unfolding plan of salvation. Without God interpreting his own word we are left to the mercy of guessing, and guessing has no place in interpreting the Word of God. So if it is not called a covenant then it is not a covenant.
Covenant in the Garden?
Now let us look at Adam in the Garden of Eden. Was there a covenant established between God and Adam? According to the system of Covenant Theology, as expressed in the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646), there was a covenant in the Garden of Eden.
The first covenant made with man was a covenant of works, wherein life was promised to Adam; and in him to his posterity, upon the condition of perfect and personal obedience.
As we read the account of Genesis 2 we see no mention of a covenant. All that we see is that God is telling Adam that he is free to eat the fruit of any of the trees in the garden except the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. If he should eat any fruit of that tree he will die.
The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and keep it. And the Lord God commanded the man, “ You are free to eat from any tree in the garden; but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat from it you will certainly die.” (Gen. 2:15-16)
While there is no mention of a covenant in Genesis 2, there might be a covenant mentioned in some other portion of Scripture that describes a covenant as being established in the Garden of Eden with Adam. In Romans 5:12-21 we are told by the Apostle Paul of a relationship with Adam and all mankind.
Consequently, just as one trespass resulted in condemnation for all people, so also one righteous act resulted in justification and life for all people. (Rom. 5:18)
When Adam sinned in the Garden of Eden he represented everyone. When I say “everyone” I mean everyone except Jesus (Hebrews 4:15). This means that we are all blamed and held guilty for Adam’s one sin, his trespass, in the garden. We are blamed for something that we did not do. In this portion of Romans Paul is teaching that the method by which we get accepted by God is representation.Adam represented all men, except Jesus, and Jesus represented all those for whom he died. While we agree that there is a relationship between Adam and everyone else, it is never described in terms of a covenant. It should also be mentioned that Adam only represented us in one sense and in no other sense. It is not biblically accurate to say that Adam represented us in another sense when there is no Scripture to turn to other than a theological theory.
Let us now turn to the other mention in Scripture of the relationship between Adam and Jesus Christ.
But Christ has indeed been raised from the dead, the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep. For since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead comes also through a man. For as in Adam all die, so in Christ all will be made alive. But each in turn: Christ, the firstfruits; then, when he comes, those who belong to him.
(1 Cor. 15:20-22)
Once again, there is no mention of a covenantal relationship in the garden. In fact, I would go so far as to say that there is nothing in the language of Genesis 2 that would give anyone the clue that a covenant was being established between God and man. In seeking to defend the view that there is a covenant in the garden writers read between the lines and then draw conclusions that defend their point of view. In this instance I see nothing in this context that says anything about a covenant. The only way that you could find a covenant in Genesis 2 is to believe that you are compelled to find it by other Scripture.
Let us now turn to the Old Testament where we do find one mention of covenant with the name Adam. It is found in the book of Hosea.
As at Adam, they have broken the covenant; they were unfaithful to me there. (Hosea 6:7 NIV)
But like Adam they transgressed the covenant; there they dealt faithlessly with me. (Hosea 6:7 ESV)
But they, like Adam, have violated the covenant; there they have betrayed me. (Hosea 6:7 CSB)
But they like men have transgressed the covenant: there have they dealt treacherously against me. (Hosea 6:7 KJV)
The context of this passage is describing the on-going rebellion of Israel as they live under the Old or Mosaic Covenant. The problem with interpreting this text of Scripture is that it is capable of so many different meanings. Here are some of the options that are available to us.
Following the NIV Adam would refer to a location. Verses 8 and 9 refer to examples of Israel’s rebellion at both Gilead and Shechem. It should also be noted that “Adam” as a place location is mentioned in Joshua 3:16, but it should also be noted that no mention is made of any specific rebellion by Israel at that location. The covenant that is mentioned would then be the Old or Mosaic Covenant.
Following the KJV Adam could refer to mankind in general, since the Hebrew word could refer either to mankind or Adam as a proper name. If Adam refers to mankind in general then Hosea would be saying that Israel is rebellious like the rest of the world. That in spite of Israel’s covenant relationship with the Lord, which marked them out as a special people, they were still acting like the Gentiles and are covenant breakers. It is also possible to say that the reference to mankind would refer to their breaking the Covenant of Works in the garden.
Once again following the ESV, if you take “Adam” as referring to the historical Adam from the Garden of Eden, then you could be saying that Israel broke the Old Covenant just like Adam broke the Covenant made with him in the garden.
You could also say that Israel broke the Old Covenant and they were faithless just like Adam was disobedient in the garden. In this case you would not be referring to covenant breaking by Adam but to disobedience to the one law given to him by God in the garden.
In light of the above it is hard to be absolutely certain of the meaning of this passage. We would need some other passage to tell us about a covenant with Adam in the garden. God has to interpret his own word. Unfortunately, there is no such passage of Scripture that clearly speaks of a covenant in the Garden of Eden. Therefore, since there is no clear mention of a covenant with Adam in the garden it would be wrong to make an educated guess and then declare there to be a covenant in the garden as a foundational truth upon which we can build our understanding of God’s plan of salvation. Even John Calvin saw the problem of taking Hosea 6:7 as referring to a covenant with Adam.
Others explain the words thus, “They have transgressed as Adam the covenant.” But the word, Adam, we know, is taken indefinitely for men. This exposition (the view that he is disagreeing with) is frigid and diluted, “They have transgressed as Adam the covenant;” that is, they have followed or imitated the example of their father Adam, who had immediately at the beginning transgressed God’s commandment. I do not to refute this comment; for we see that it is in itself vapid.
Another Covenant Theologian, John Murray, also states that there was no mention of a covenant with Adam in Hosea 6:7 or in the garden.
It is not designated a covenant in Scripture. Hosea 6:7 may be interpreted otherwise and does not provide the basis for such a construction of the Adamic economy. Besides, Scripture always uses the term covenant, when applied to God’s administration to men, in reference to a provision that is redemptive or closely related to redemptive design.
As I conclude this segment let me summarize what we have found in the opening chapters of Genesis. In Genesis 1 it is stated that God made Adam and Eve in the image of God. It then states that God told them to multiply. He also gave them responsibility to rule over all the earth as well as all animal life. As for food he gave them all plant life. In Genesis 2 Adam is given the role of taking care of the Garden of Eden. Adam is given a partner in Eve who was made out of a rib of Adam. God does give Adam one command, not to eat of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and a consequence, which is death, for disobedience to his command.
Without reading into these first two chapters of Genesis, that is, seeing something there that is not stated but is assumed from other Scripture passages, we are left, in my opinion, with no other conclusion then that there is no covenant made with Adam in the garden. Clear Scripture in context must establish every truth of our system of understanding of how the Bible fits together.
