10/24/2026
๐ฆ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฃ๐ง๐จ๐ฅ๐ & ๐ฆ๐ฃ๐๐๐ | ๐ฆ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐๐บ ๐ก๐ผ. ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฑ
October 24, 2026
Welcome to this week's edition. Israel was quiet this time, but the wider biblical world was not. A peer reviewed study out of Sudan takes us inside a workshop at a temple built by Tirhakah, the Cush*te king named in 2 Kings and Isaiah. A woman buried with a cylinder seal in the Ararat Valley gives us a close look at the kingdom the Bible calls Ararat. Two new journal studies come from the valley of Laodicea and Hierapolis, the neighborhood of the church at Colossae, and Cypriot archaeologists have found Bronze Age walls at Old Paphos, a short walk from the city Paul and Barnabas reached on their first journey. We close with an update on the Durupฤฑnar drilling, where the final lab report has now been pushed to spring 2027.
Sources for every story are in the first comment below.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ญ. ๐ ๐ฅ๐ผ๐๐ฎ๐น ๐ช๐ผ๐ฟ๐ธ๐๐ต๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ง๐ฒ๐บ๐ฝ๐น๐ฒ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐ง๐ถ๐ฟ๐ต๐ฎ๐ธ๐ฎ๐ต, ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐๐๐ต
๐ช๐ต๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐๐ป๐ฑ: Excavations at the Sanam temple in Napata, an old capital of the kingdom of Kush in today's Sudan, uncovered a workshop that made faience, the glazed, glassy material used for beads, amulets, and small figurines. The team found three firing pits, two mudbrick basins, hundreds of beads, production waste, and a green faience shabti (a small funerary servant figure), with a matching mould found inside the temple. The workshop made shabtis for the royal cemetery at Nuri, so its products were reserved for kings. Instead of limestone, which is scarce in Sudan, the craftsmen used crushed Red Sea shells as their source of lime.
๐ช๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐ต๐ผ: Sanam temple complex, Napata, northern Sudan. Excavated 2018 to 2020 by a team led by Rennan Lemos (Durham University) and Kathryn Howley (New York University), with S. Shinn and S. Abdu Rabo. Published in Antiquity and reported October 19 and 20, 2026.
๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด: The temple was built by King Taharqo, who reigned about 690 to 664 BC. The workshop dates to the middle of the 7th century BC.
๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฝ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ป๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
โธ 2 Kings 19:9 (ESV): "Now the king heard concerning Tirhakah king of Cush, "Behold, he has set out to fight against you."" Taharqo is the Tirhakah of scripture. The study itself does not mention the Bible; the connection is ours.
โธ Isaiah 37:9 The same report appears in Isaiah's account of Sennacherib's campaign against Hezekiah in 701 BC.
โธ Isaiah 18:1โ2 Isaiah describes the land of Cush beyond the rivers and its envoys traveling by the Nile.
๐ช๐ต๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐: This is the working economy of the very king who marched out against Sennacherib while Hezekiah waited behind Jerusalem's walls. It shows a Cush*te state strong and organized enough to project power far north, just as 2 Kings and Isaiah describe.
๐๐ป๐ผ๐๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด: Some critics argue 2 Kings 19:9 is a mistake because Taharqo did not become king until about 690 BC, roughly eleven years after Sennacherib's 701 BC campaign. Scholars who hold to the text's reliability point out that Taharqo was already a royal prince and military commander in 701 BC, and that the historian simply calls him by the title he held when the account was written, much as we might say "President Washington led the army at Yorktown."
๐๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐ด๐๐ต: Solid. Peer reviewed article in Antiquity (2026) based on excavations from 2018 to 2020.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ฎ. ๐ ๐ช๐ผ๐บ๐ฎ๐ป ๐๐๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐๐ถ๐๐ต ๐ฎ ๐๐๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐น ๐ถ๐ป ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐น๐น๐ฒ๐
๐ช๐ต๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐๐ป๐ฑ: At Metsamor in Armenia, archaeologists studied the grave of a woman, probably over 40, buried in the courtyard of a house while the house was still lived in. The grave had been robbed in antiquity, but it still held a cylinder seal in the Urartian style along with several bronze objects. The seal's carving seems to show stylized animals, possibly fantastic creatures, though the details are too worn for a firm reading. Strontium readings from her teeth hint she may have grown up somewhere else, but the authors say that result is not conclusive, and they caution that the seal alone does not prove she held any particular office.
๐ช๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐ต๐ผ: Metsamor, in Armenia's Ararat Valley about 30 km west of Yerevan. Study by Krzysztof Jakubiak and Arkadiusz Soลtysiak, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, vol. 74 (2026), article 105927, online October 23, 2026.
๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด: The archaeological context points to the late 8th or early 7th century BC. Radiocarbon dates span roughly 775 to 430 BC because of a known flat stretch in the radiocarbon calibration curve for this period.
๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฝ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ป๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
โธ 2 Kings 19:37 (ESV): "And as he was worshiping in the house of Nisroch his god, Adrammelech and Sharezer, his sons, struck him down with the sword and escaped into the land of Ararat." Sennacherib's sons fled to Urartu, the kingdom the Bible calls Ararat, around 681 BC, the same general era as this burial. The study does not make this connection; we do.
โธ Jeremiah 51:27 Ararat is summoned among the kingdoms against Babylon.
โธ Genesis 8:4 "The mountains of Ararat" names the region, which later became the kingdom of Urartu.
๐ช๐ต๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐: Urartu was a real and powerful kingdom on Assyria's northern frontier, and finds like this one fill in the everyday life of the land where the assassins of Sennacherib took refuge. It is a reminder that "Ararat" in scripture is a place on the map, not a vague legend.
๐๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐ด๐๐ต: Solid. Peer reviewed journal article with radiocarbon and isotope analysis. The interpretation of the seal's imagery and the woman's role is cautious and open.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ฏ. ๐ง๐๐ผ ๐ก๐ฒ๐ ๐ฆ๐๐๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ ๐ณ๐ฟ๐ผ๐บ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐น๐น๐ฒ๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ฎ๐ผ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฎ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฝ๐ผ๐น๐ถ๐
๐ช๐ต๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐๐ป๐ฑ: Two articles in the 2026 volume of the journal Cedrus come from the Lycus Valley, home to the churches Paul mentions in Colossians. At Hierapolis, a small bronze figurine of Harpocrates (the Greek name for the child Horus) in the local museum blends an Egyptian double crown, a finger raised to the lips, and a Greek horn of plenty, showing an Egyptian god reshaped for Roman Asia. Near ancient Attouda, a survey found fragments of a cylindrical terracotta coffin whose lid bears a bearded face of Silenos, a companion of the w**e god Dionysus, beside a Greek letter beta that may be a workshop mark. The author says that face has no known parallel on coffins of this type in Anatolia.
๐ช๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐ต๐ผ: Hierapolis (Pamukkale) and Attouda, both in Denizli Province, western Turkey, the same district as Laodicea and Colossae. Harpocrates study by Esma ฤฐvrendi ลenol, Pamukkale University (Cedrus 14, pp. 349 to 361), reported October 22, 2026. Attouda study by Bilge Yฤฑlmaz Kolancฤฑ, Pamukkale University, from a 2023 survey, reported October 20, 2026.
๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด: Harpocrates figurine: 1st to 3rd century AD by style. Attouda coffin: provisionally 1st or 2nd century AD.
๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฝ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ป๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
โธ Colossians 4:13 (ESV): "For I bear him witness that he has worked hard for you and for those in Laodicea and in Hierapolis." Epaphras labored in exactly this valley in the generation these objects come from.
โธ Acts 19:26 Paul's preaching in the province of Asia that "gods made with hands are not gods" ran straight into a world full of figures like this one.
โธ 1 Corinthians 8:5โ6 Paul grants that people worship many so called gods and lords, yet for us there is one God, the Father.
๐ช๐ต๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐: These are small objects, but they show the religious mix the first Christians in the Lycus Valley lived in: Egyptian gods in Greek dress, and Dionysian faces watching over the dead. That is the backdrop for Paul's call to set minds on things above (Colossians 3:1โ2).
๐๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐ด๐๐ต: Solid. Both are published journal studies. The Harpocrates figurine is a museum piece without a known find spot, and the coffin date is based on style comparisons rather than grave goods.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ฐ. ๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐ป๐๐ฒ ๐๐ด๐ฒ ๐๐ถ๐๐ ๐ช๐ฎ๐น๐น๐ ๐๐ผ๐๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฎ๐ ๐ข๐น๐ฑ ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ฝ๐ต๐ผ๐ ๐ผ๐ป ๐๐๐ฝ๐ฟ๐๐
๐ช๐ต๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐๐ป๐ฑ: Excavators working at Marchello, less than a kilometer from the famous sanctuary of Aphrodite at Palaepaphos (Old Paphos), have identified the city's first confirmed Late Bronze Age fortifications. They traced a rampart, a bastion later enlarged into a nearly square tower about 7.4 by 7.3 meters, and a thick reinforcing wall. Builders leveled the stone foundations with prepared marl before raising mudbrick walls on top. A further wall was added in the 4th century BC, and it is still unclear whether the defenses were used continuously in between.
๐ช๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐ต๐ผ: Marchello, near Kouklia, southwestern Cyprus. Excavations by the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens under Professor Konstantinos Kopanias, August and September 2026 season. Announced by the Cyprus Department of Antiquities and reported October 22 and 23, 2026.
๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด: The first rampart dates to the end of the Late Bronze Age (Late Cypriot IIC to IIIA, roughly the 13th to 12th centuries BC), with a later 4th century BC phase.
๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฝ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ป๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
โธ Acts 13:4โ6 (ESV): "So, being sent out by the Holy Spirit, they went down to Seleucia, and from there they sailed to Cyprus... When they had gone through the whole island as far as Paphos..." Paul and Barnabas reached New Paphos, the Roman capital about 16 km away. Old Paphos and its Aphrodite sanctuary were still a major pilgrimage site in their day. The connection is ours, not the excavators'.
โธ Acts 4:36 Barnabas was a Levite and "a native of Cyprus."
โธ Jeremiah 2:10 "Cross to the coasts of Cyprus and see" (Hebrew Kittim).
๐ช๐ต๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐: These walls go up in the turbulent age when Bronze Age kingdoms across the eastern Mediterranean were collapsing, the same era as the judges in Israel. Centuries later the gospel came to this very corner of the island, where Sergius Paulus believed (Acts 13:12).
๐๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐ด๐๐ต: Developing. Announced by Cyprus's Department of Antiquities after the season ended; no formal publication yet.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ฑ. ๐๐น๐ฎ๐ถ๐บ๐ ๐ถ๐ป ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ก๐ฒ๐๐ (๐จ๐ฃ๐๐๐ง๐): ๐๐๐ฟ๐๐ฝฤฑ๐ป๐ฎ๐ฟ ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ฎ๐ฏ ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ ๐ก๐ผ๐ ๐๐
๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ถ๐ป ๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ณ
๐จ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ to Stratum No. 004
๐ช๐ต๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐๐ป๐ฑ: A Jerusalem Post reporter visited the Durupฤฑnar site and interviewed the Noah's Ark Scans team (published October 22). The team says it drilled 12 holes inside the formation and 4 outside, reaching about 20 meters in places, which clears up last week's confusion between "60 feet" and "60 meters." No hole hit bedrock, and one drill bit broke on an unidentified hard object that the team hopes to retrieve next season with a wider hole. Soil analysis, final radar processing, and carbon dating of what the team calls petrified wood fragments are all still pending; samples went to several universities, including Bar Ilan. The final lab report is now expected in spring 2027, with another drilling season planned for summer 2027.
๐ช๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐ต๐ผ: Durupฤฑnar formation near Doฤubayazฤฑt, eastern Turkey. Team leader Andrew Jones (Noah's Ark Scans), with soil scientist William Crabtree and Israeli researcher Ohav Cohen; Prof. Cenker Atila of Sivas Cumhuriyet University is also quoted. Reported by The Jerusalem Post, October 22, 2026.
๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด: None yet. No sample has been shown to be wood or dated.
๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฝ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ป๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
โธ Genesis 8:4 (ESV): "and in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat." Scripture names a mountain region, not a specific peak or formation.
โธ Luke 17:26โ27 Jesus treats Noah and the flood as real history, whether or not any timber survives.
๐ช๐ต๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐: This claim is all over social media, and the honest headline right now is "results pending until 2027." Bible students can share that with confidence and avoid overstating what has been shown.
๐๐ป๐ผ๐๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด: Even the team's own Turkish partner, Prof. Atila, says the radar voids could be geological. One point is worth noticing in the team's own numbers: they estimated bedrock at about 70 meters down but drilled only about 20 meters, so not hitting bedrock does not yet rule out the natural rock explanations (mud flowing around a rock core, or a folded rock structure). Bible believing geologists such as Andrew Snelling (Answers in Genesis) and writers at Creation Ministries International, who affirm a global flood, have argued the formation is natural and that the ark may have landed higher in the mountains or had its timber reused by Noah's family.
๐๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐ด๐๐ต: Speculative. Team claims only, with no published lab data. The team itself is not claiming proof.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐๐น๐๐ผ ๐ป๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐๐ต๐ถ๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ธ:
โธ Jerusalem: The Temple Mount Sifting Project says its study of the bulla reading "Belonging to Yedayahu, son of Asayahu," found in 2025, is headed for publication in a scholarly journal. Asaiah was the king's servant whom Josiah sent to Huldah the prophetess (2 Kings 22:12โ14). The identification remains possible, not proven (JNS feature, October 15).
โธ Around the biblical world (Turkey): Kรผltepe, ancient Kanesh in Cappadocia, produced its first mosaic floor in 78 years of digging, along with four newly identified Hellenistic layers dated 323 to 30 BC (announced October 20). Cappadocia appears in Acts 2:9 and 1 Peter 1:1.
โธ Around the biblical world (Turkey): Excavators at Troy announced the site's first musical instrument, a bone flute about 2,800 years old, plus a 4,500 year old idol head near the Troy II gate (October 22). Paul sailed from nearby Troas after his vision of the man of Macedonia (Acts 16:8โ11).
โธ Around the biblical world (Malta): A new study by Joel Grima of the University of Malta argues the island's famous rock cut cart ruts mostly date from Phoenician times (about 700 BC) through the Byzantine era, rather than deep prehistory, which places many of them in use when Paul was shipwrecked there (Acts 28:1). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, October 2026.
โธ Around the biblical world (Turkey): Police in ฤฐzmir, ancient Smyrna, recovered a Roman era marble head of Zeus from smugglers (October 21). Smyrna is one of the seven churches (Revelation 2:8), and the crowd at Lystra called Barnabas "Zeus" (Acts 14:12).
โธ Jerusalem: The Israel Museum exhibition "Tiny Footprints: Childhood in the Ancient Land of Israel" gathers toys, dolls, infant feeding vessels, birth amulets, and figurines from prehistory through the Roman era (reviewed October 10). A helpful setting for passages like Zechariah 8:5.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ง๐ต๐ถ๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ธ'๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ธ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐ฎ๐: The kings, kingdoms, and cities named in scripture keep turning out to be exactly where the text puts them, so when you read a name like Tirhakah or Ararat, take it as a real place and a real person in a real world.
Links to every source are in the first comment.