02/08/2021
When Sheerawaih’s letter was delivered to Badham, he cried out: “This man is truly a Messenger (from Allah).” He accepted Islam and all those Persians who were with him in Yemen also followed suit.
Badhawaih said to Badham: “I have never spoken to a more awe-inspiring person than him.” Badham asked him: “Did he have a guard with him?” He said, “No.”
Imam Ash-Shafi‘i related on the authority of Abu Hurairah that Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:
“Kisra will die and there would be no Kisra after him. Qaisar (king of Rome) will die and there would be no Qaisar after him; by the One in Whose Hands is my life, you will spend their treasures in the
cause of Allah.” Related by Muslim from the Hadith of IbnUyainahand they narrated it from the Hadith of Az-Zuhri.
I say: In this is an implicit tiding that the king of Rome shall never return to Sham. The Arabs used to give the appellation of Qaisar to the Roman rulers of Sham and the peninsula. Similarly, they
referred to each person that ruled Persia as Kisra and the ruler of Abyssinia as Negus. They also gave the title of Muqawqis to every ruler of Alexandria, Fir‘awn (Pharaoh) to the non-Muslim ruler of Egypt, and Batlaimoos to the ruler of Hind. They also had peculiar titles other than these. We have mentioned this at other places also.
And Allah (SWT) knows best.
Muslim related on the authority of Jabir Ibn Samurah who said: Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: A small force of Muslims will capture the treasure of Kisra in the
White Palace.”
The Prophet’s Deputation to Kisra (Chosroes),
the King of Persia
Al-Bukhari related on the authority of Ibn ‘Abbas that Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, sent a man with a letter addressed to Kisra. He ordered him to first give it to the ruler of Bahrain and tell him to deliver it to Kisra. When Kisra read it, he tore it into pieces. (Az-Zuhri said): I think Ibn Al-Musaiyyab said: “Allah’s Messenger invoked Allah to tear them (Kisra and his followers) into pieces.”
The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, also sent Hudhafah Ibn Qais Ibn ‘Adiyy Ibn Sa’d Ibn Sahm with a letter to Kisra saying:
“In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah
To Kisra, the king of Persia
Peace be upon those who follow the guidance and believe in Allah and His Messenger; bearing witness that none deservesto be worshipped except Allah, Alone, with Whom there is no partner,
and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger. I invite you with Allah’s invitation, for I am truly His Messenger sent to the entire humanity, to give warning to the living and justifiy the Word against the disbelievers. If you submit (to Islam), you will be safe but if you decline, the sin of (all) the Magians will be upon you.”
(The narrator added): When he read the letter, he tore it and said, “He writes this type of letter to me, while he is my slave?” Then Kisra wrote to Badham, his viceroy over Yemen, ordering him to “send two men to arrest this man in Hijaz and bring him to me.”
The Prophet’s Letters to the Christian Arab
Kings in the Region of Syria
Ibn Ishaq related: Afterward, Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, sent Shuja’ Ibn Wahb from Banu Asad Ibn Khuzaimah to Al-Mundhir Ibn Al-Harith Ibn Abi Shamir Al-Ghassani, the ruler of Damascus. Al-Waqidi adds that he sent a letter with him (saying): “Peace on those who follow the guidance and believe in it. I invite you to believe in Allah, Alone, and to not
associate any partners with Him. (If you do so) your authority will remain.” When Shuja‘delivered the letter and the Ghassanid ruler read it, he asked indignantly: “Who will dispossess me of my
authority? I will be the first to march against him.”
the Messenger of Allah, which contained the following words: “In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. (This letter is) from Muhammad, the slave of Allah and His Messenger, to Heraclius, the ruler of the Byzantine. Peace be upon the followers of guidance.
"I invite you to Islam; embrace Islam and you will be safe; embrace Islam and Allah will bestow on you a double reward. But if you reject this invitation of Islam, you shall be responsible for misguiding the peasants (i.e. your nation).”
Upon reading the contents of this letter, he slipped it between his thighs and shank and then wrote to a man from Turkey, who was well-versed in Hebrew, asking him to inform him about what he had just received from Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. The man wrote back saying, “He is undoubtedly the Prophet that is being awaited, so follow him.” He then invited
the Roman nobles and assembled them at the colosseum, which he ordered locked. He told them of the rationale behind his action and then he said, “O company of Romans, a letter has reached me from Ahmad, and, by Allah, he is the Prophet that we have been waiting for. He is mentioned in our Book and his signs and time have become discernable (to us), so accept Islam and follow him and you will find peace in this world and in the Hereafter."
Upon hearing this address, the congregation objected and they all unanimously made for the exit, but found the gates of the colosseum locked. The king became apprehensive of their reaction
and ordered, “Bring them back to me.” When they returned to his presence he said to them, “O company of Romans, I gave that address in order to test your loyalty to your religion and I have seen
in you what pleases me.” On the king’s volte face, they all prostrated before him and then the gates of the colosseum were opened for them and they left.
for, when its goodness enters and mixes in the heart, no one will be displeased with it. I asked you whether he had ever broken his promise. You replied in the negative. Such are the Prophets, they
never break their promises. When I asked you whether you fought against one another, you replied in the affirmative and (you also
said) that sometimes he was victorious and sometimes you were. Indeed, such are the Messengers; they are put to trials and the final
victory is always theirs.
Then I asked you what he orders you with. You replied that he orders you to worship Allah, Alone, not to worship others along with Him, to leave all that your forefathers used to worship, to offer
prayers, to speak the truth, to be chaste, to keep promises,and to return what is entrusted to you. These are truly the qualities of a Prophet, who I knew (from the previous Scriptures) would appear,
but I did not know that he would be from among you. If what you say is true, he will, very soon, occupy the ground beneath my feet; if I knew that I would reach him, I would go immediately to meet him; were I with him, then I would certainly wash his feet'.” Abu Sufyan added, “Qaisar then asked for the letter of Allah’s Messenger, which was read.”
Abu Sufyan added, “When Heraclius finished his speech, a great hue and cry was caused by the Byzantine courtiers surrounding him; there was so much noise that I did not understand what they said. Thereafter, we were turned out of the court. When I left with my companions and we were alone, I said to them, ‘Verily, Ibn Abi Kabsha’s (i.e. the Prophet’s) affair has gained power. This is the
king of Banu Al-Asfar fearing him.’ Abu Sufyan added, “By Allah, I remained low and was sure that his religion would be victorious until Allah converted me to Islam, though I disliked it.”
Ibn Ishaq said that Az-Zuhri narrated to me saying that a Christian prelate who had witnessed that event informed me that it was Dihyah Ibn Khaleefah who came to Heraclius with the letter from
that he may betray us'.” Abu Sufyan added, “Other than the last sentence, I could not say anything against him."
Caesar then asked, ‘Have you ever fought a battle with him?’ I replied, ‘Yes.’ He asked, ‘What was the outcome of your battles with him?’ I replied, ‘The result was unstable; sometimes he was
victorious and other times we were.’ He asked, ‘What does he order you to do?’ I said, ‘He tells us to worship Allah, Alone, not to worship anything along with Him, and to abandon all that our
forefathers worshipped. He orders us to pray, give in charity, be chaste, maintain our promises, and return whatever is entrusted to us.’ When I said that, Qaisar said to his translator, ‘Say to him: I asked you about his lineage and your reply was that he belonged to a noble family. In truth, all the Messengers came from the noblest lineage of their nations. Then I asked you whether anyone else from amongst you had ever claimed such a thing, and your reply was in the negative. If the answer had been in the affirmative, I would have
thought that this man was following a claim that had been said before him. When I asked you whether he was ever censured for telling lies, your reply was in the negative, so I take it for granted
that a person who did not lie about others could never lie about Allah. Then I asked you whether any of his ancestors were kings. Your reply was in the negative, and if it had been in the affirmative, I would have thought that this man wanted to take back his ancestral kingdom.
When I asked you if he is followed by the rich or the poor, you replied that it was the poor who follow him. In fact, such are the followers of the Messengers. Then I asked you whether his
followers were increasing or decreasing. You replied that they were increasing. In fact, this is the result of true faith until it is complete (in all respects). I asked you whether there was anyone who, after embracing his religion, became displeased with it and discarded it, your reply was in the negative. In fact, this is the sign of true faith,
of the people have followed him while others have opposed him. Bloody confrontations have occurred between them in a number of battles, and I left them in that condition.'
The king summoned the head guard and ordered, 'Comb through every part of Sham and bring me someone from this man’s country to verify his story'.”
Abu Sufyan said, “When we came to him, he said to his translator: ‘Ask them who amongst them is the closest in relation to the one who claims to be a Prophet'.” Abu Sufyan added, I replied, ‘I am the
nearest relative to him.’ He asked, ‘What degree of relationship do you have with him?’ I replied, ‘He is my cousin, and there was no one from Banu ‘Abd Manaf in the caravan except myself.' The king
said, ‘Let him approach me.’He then ordered that my companions stand behind me near my shoulder and said to his translator, ‘Relate to his companions that I am going to ask him about the man who claims to be a Prophet. If he lies, they should oppose him immediately'.”
Abu Sufyan added, “By Allah! Had it not been shameful that my companions would label me a liar, I would not have spoken the truth about him when asked, so I spoke the truth. He said to his
translator, ‘Ask him what kind of family does he belong to.’ I replied, ‘He belongs to a noble family from amongst us.’ He asked, ‘Has anyone else from amongst you ever claimed the same prior to him?’
‘I replied, ‘No.’ He asked, ‘Have you ever censured him for telling lies prior to what he claimed? ‘I replied, ‘No.’ He asked, ‘Was anyone from amongst his ancestors a king?’ I replied, ‘No.’ He asked, 'Do the noble or the poor follow him?’ I replied, ‘It is the poor who follow him.’ He asked, ‘Are they increasing or decreasing?’ I replied, 'They are increasing.’ He asked, ‘Has anyone from amongst those who have embraced his religion become displeased with it and discarded it?’ I replied, ‘No.’ He asked, ‘Does he break his promises?’
I replied, ‘No, but we are now at truce with him and we are afraid
The Messenger of Allah’s Letters to Foreign
Sovereigns Inviting Them to Allah and to Accept
Islam
On the authority of Anas Ibn Malik who narrated that Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, wrote to Kisra (Chosroes, King of Persia), Qaisar (Caesar, Emperor of Rome),
An-Najashi (King of Abyssinia), and to every (other) ruler inviting them to Allah, the Exalted. The Najashi (Negus) mentioned here was not the same one for whom the Messenger of Allah offered the
funeral prayers.
On the authority of ‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Abbas who said that Abu Sufyan narrated to me directly saying, "We were merchants and we had been strained by continual fighting until our wealth became
depleted. After the armistice, i.e. the Treaty of Hudaibiyah, between us and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him, I went on a trade mission to Sham (Syria) along with a group (of people) from Quraish. We arrived in Sham when Qaisar, the king of Rome, had defeated and expelled the Persians who had occupied his territory. He also reclaimed the Cross that had previously been lost. When the news of the victory (and defeat of the Persians) reached him, he was residing in Hims, Sham, and walked to Bait Al-Maqdis to offer prayers as a token of his gratitude (for the victory). He was welcomed by the people with great pomp and pageantry. A messenger from the king of Busra came to him with an Arab, whom he had brought, and said, 'O King, this man is an Arab from the people of sheep and camels; he brings you news of events that have
occurred in his land,' and in the king’s presence he asked his translator to tell the Arab to deliver the news. The man said, 'An Arab from the Quraish has appeared claiming to be a Prophet; some
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