23/08/2026
WHY PAUL IS OFTEN MISUNDERSTOOD: Understanding the Theology of the Apostle Paul (Series #1)
THE APOSTLE Paul is among the most quoted—and most misunderstood—writers in the New Testament. His letters contain some of Christianity’s most cherished passages:
"Love...bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never fails" (1 Corinthians 13:7). "And now abide faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these is love." (v.13)
He also wrote: "Finally, brethren, whatever things are true, whatever things are noble, whatever things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever things are lovely, whatever things are of good report..—meditate on these things" (Philippians 4:8).
"The fruit of the Spirit" (Galatians 5:22–23), is also among favorite; and in the powerful hope of the resurrection (1 Corinthians 15), Paul wrote a most deeply moving words:
"If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men the most pitiable..the last enemy that will be destroyed is death." (1 Corinthians 15:19, 26).
Yet the same Paul who wrote these passages is sometimes presented as though he rejected God’s law, abandoned his Jewish heritage, and taught that grace made obedience irrelevant.
That picture deserves careful examination.
PAUL WAS NOT A THEOLOGICAL OUTSIDER
Paul did not emerge from a theological vacuum. He was a Jew, a Pharisee, and a highly educated interpreter of Israel’s Scriptures. He declared that he had been educated “at the feet of Gamaliel” and trained according to “the strict manner of the law of our fathers” (Acts 22:3). In Philippians 3:5–6, he identifies himself as “a Pharisee” and describes himself as “blameless” concerning righteousness under the law.
He affirmed to Timothy: "...from childhood you have known the Holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus" (2 Timothy 3:15). His only known "holy Scriptures" was the Old Testament!
James D. G. Dunn’s study of Paul emphasizes that Paul’s identity remained deeply rooted in his Jewish heritage even after his encounter with Jesus. E. P. Sanders likewise demonstrated how important Jewish covenantal categories are for understanding Paul rather than portraying Judaism simply as a religion of legalistic self-salvation.
Paul therefore should not be read as a modern Christian debating modern denominational questions. He was an apostle of Jesus the Messiah reasoning from Israel’s Scriptures about covenant, sin, righteousness, faith, grace, promise, resurrection, and the inclusion of Gentiles.
“NOT UNDER THE LAW”—Does That Mean Lawless?
Consider Romans 6:14: “For sin shall not have dominion over you, for you are not under law but under grace.”
Taken by itself, the sentence can sound like permission to disregard God's commandments. But Paul immediately anticipates that conclusion: “What then? Shall we sin because we are not under law but under grace? Certainly not!” (Romans 6:15).
Paul's argument is not grace versus obedience. It is about liberation from sin’s dominion ("under the [penalty of] law") and condemnation through Christ. Indeed, only a few chapters earlier Paul asks, “Do we then make void the law through faith? Certainly not! On the contrary, we establish the law” (Romans 3:31). He subsequently declares, “The law is holy, and the commandment holy and just and good” (Romans 7:12).
A scholarly study of Romans 6:14 similarly notes that the passage should not automatically be interpreted as abolishing God's law which is just and moral.
Grace does not redefine sin as righteousness. Grace provides forgiveness and transforms the sinner so that sin no longer rules.
WHAT ABOUT THE SABBATH?
Colossians 2:16–17 is frequently quoted as though Paul said Christians should abandon Sabbaths, festivals, and God's appointed times. But the surrounding passage must be read carefully.
Paul says believers should not allow others to judge them regarding “food or drink, or regarding a festival or a new moon or sabbaths.” The question is: Who is doing the judging, and what precisely is being judged?
The passage occurs within a discussion involving ascetic practices, human regulations, visions, elemental principles, and severe treatment of the body (Colossians 2:8, 18–23).
Scholarly investigation recognizes that Colossians 2:16–17 is considerably more debated and misunderstood than the simplistic claim that Paul "abolished" the Sabbath, creating a bad theology out of Paul's texts.
Paul's writings elsewhere show that he continued to reason from Scripture and participate in Jewish religious life. In Acts 21, when accusations circulated that Paul taught Jews to abandon Moses, the Jerusalem elders instructed him to participate in purification rites so that everyone could see that the accusations were unfounded. Paul willingly complied (Acts 21:20–26).
Whatever one concludes about every aspect of Paul's practice, the passage certainly deserves more careful treatment than the slogan, “Paul abolished the Sabbath.”
DID PAUL DECLARE ALL FOODS CLEAN?
Another frequently isolated statement is 1 Timothy 4:4: “For everything created by God is good.”
But the immediate context discusses people who “command to abstain from foods” and emphasizes that what God created is “sanctified by the word of God and prayer” (1 Timothy 4:3–5). The text does not explicitly say that every creature described as food in Scripture has suddenly become permissible.
A study of 1 Timothy 4 notes that interpreting the passage as a blanket cancellation of the biblical dietary distinctions requires more than simply quoting verse 4; its context and the false teaching confronting Timothy must be considered.
WHY PETER WARNED ABOUT PAUL
Perhaps the most revealing warning comes from Peter:
“Paul, according to the wisdom given to him, has written to you... in which are some things hard to understand, which untaught and unstable people twist” (2 Peter 3:15–16).
Peter did not say Paul's writings were useless. He said they could be twisted.
That warning remains remarkably relevant.
Paul's letters were occasional documents addressing real congregations facing real disputes—circumcision, Jewish-Gentile relations, idolatry, sexual immorality, false teachers, food controversies, resurrection, spiritual gifts, and questions about Christian conduct. His statements must therefore be interpreted within their literary, historical, and scriptural contexts.
PAUL WAS NOT AN ANTINOMIAN ('Lawless')
Paul never taught that Christians should live without moral boundaries. He condemned idolatry (1 Corinthians 10:14), sexual immorality (1 Thessalonians 4:3–8), lying (Colossians 3:9), stealing (Ephesians 4:28), hatred and bitterness (Ephesians 4:31), and numerous other sins.
Apart from keeping and frequently visiting the synagogue on the Sabbath (Acts 13:14, 42-44; Acts 17:2; Acts 18:4), Paul also upheld and commanded believers to keep God's feasts like Passover and Unleavened Bread (1 Cor. 5:8), Pentecost (Acts 20:16; 1 Cor. 16:8), and the "Fast" (Acts 27:9).
He summarized Christian conduct with the principle: “Love does no harm to a neighbor; therefore love is the fulfillment of the law” (Romans 13:10).
The law is not the Savior. Christ is.
Obedience does not purchase salvation. Grace comes first. Yet grace produces a transformed life.
Paul's theology becomes clearer when we stop forcing isolated sentences to answer questions Paul was not addressing. He was not writing against God's law; he was explaining how righteousness, faith, grace, covenant, Christ, and obedience belong together. Again, to reiterate, he declared:
“Do we then make void the law through faith? Certainly not! On the contrary, we establish the law” (Romans 3:31).
His conclusion is unquestionably powerful:
"Therefore the law is holy, and the commandment holy and just and good" Romans 7:12).
Paul is not the apostle of "lawlessness" (Gk. 'antinomians').
He is the apostle of God's transforming grace, faith that empowers obedience, and Christ who fulfills God's redemptive purpose. — Rh.