30/11/2025
Harappan DNA Composition (%) â Simplified Model
âââââââââââââââââ
55â70% â AASI â (Ancient Ancestral South Indians)
âââââââââââââââââ
â
âŧ
âââââââââââââââââ
30â45% â Iranian-Relatedâ (Zagros/Iran Neolithicâtype ancestry)
âââââââââââââââââ
â
âŧ
â 0% Steppe / A***n ancestry (R1a-Z93 absent)
āĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāύāĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž
Harappan â South Indian / Adivasi groups = High Match
Harappan â Brahmin & North Indian = Low Match
(āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ Steppe ancestry āĻāĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§, Harappan-āĻ āύā§āĻ)
đ ⧍) āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž
(1) Shinde et al. 2019 â Rakhigarhi DNA Study
āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ Harappan āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏāĨ¤
āĻĢāϞ: Steppe ancestry = 0, R1a = 0
Harappan ancestry = AASI + Iran-related mixture
(2) Narasimhan et al. 2019 (Science, Harvard)
South Asia-āϰ ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ+ ancient genome āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ:
Steppe ancestry āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻāϏā§āĻ⧠⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļâā§§ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ BCE
Harappan āϞā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠Steppe āύā§āĻ
South India retains more AASI ancestry â Harappan continuity
(3) Moorjani et al. (Cell, 2022)
South Indian Dravidian ancestry vs Harappan link
āĻĢāϞ:
Dravidian āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻ Harappan genetic substrate āĻāĻāĻ āĻā§āϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§
Genetic continuity strongest in South & Adivasi groups
(4) Rai, Shinde et al. (2023) â Rakhigarhi expanded dataset
ā§Ēā§ŦāĻāĻŋ Harappan āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ isotopic + genetic evidence
āĻĢāϞ:
Entire IVC population = local South Asian origin
No migration from north Steppe before IVC decline
đ ā§Š) HarappanâSouth Indian Genetic Link (āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āϏāĻšāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§)
â āĻā§āύ Harappan â South Indian link strongest?
(A) āĻĻā§âāĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§āĻ AASI ancestry āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ
AASI = āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ
Harappan-āĻ AASI ~ 55â70%
South Indians / āĻāĻŋāĻā§ Adivasi āĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻ AASI āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ
(B) Harappan-āĻ Steppe āύā§āĻ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠South Indian-āĻāĻ Steppe āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŽ
North Indian upper caste groups â 15â30% Steppe
South Indian groups â 0â10%
Harappan â 0%
đ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤
(C) Dravidian āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ Harappan regionâāĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž
Linguistic + genetic evidence â Dravidian language spread from IVC
āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§āĨ¤
(D) āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ
āĻā§āώāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ
āĻŦā§āĻ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ
āĻāϞāĻžāϧāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
āĻļāϏā§āϝ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ
āϏāĻŦāĻ IVC â South India āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
𧨠ā§Ē) āĻā§āϞ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύ (Scientific Corrections)
â āĻā§āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž ā§§: āĻšāϰāĻĒā§āĻĒāĻžāύāϰāĻž āĻāϰā§āϝ/āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āώ
â āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύ:
Harappan DNA-āϤ⧠Steppe āĻŦāĻž R1a-Z93 āύā§āĻ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽāĻŖ āĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāĻ āĻĻā§âāĻāύā§āϰ genetic origin āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤
â āĻā§āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž ⧍: Harappan = North Indian ancestry
â āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύ:
Harappan ancestry today matches:
South Indians
Adivasi groups
Some Pakistani groups
â āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āύā§āĨ¤
â āĻā§āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž ā§Š: A***n migration āĻšā§āύāĻŋ
â āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύ:
Ancient DNA shows clear Steppe gene arrival after Harappan collapseâ
(2000â1500 BCE)
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύāĻ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āύā§âāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāύāĻ-āϰ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĨ¤
â āĻā§āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž ā§Ē: Dravidian āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖā§ āĻāύā§āĻŽā§āĻā§
â āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύ:
Genetics + archaeology āĻŦāϞāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻā§āϏ: Indus Valley Civilization
āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖā§ āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
đ¯ āĻā§ā§āĻžāύā§āϤ āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ
Harappan = Indigenous South Asian (AASI + Iranian-related mixture)
Harappan ancestry strongest in South Indians & Adivasis
North Indians/Brahmins have additional Steppe ancestry (post-IVC)
Harappan â Brahmin DNA â Typical North Indian DNA