05/30/2026
The eleven disciples went into Galilee, to the mountain that Jesus chose for them. When they saw him, they prostrated themselves in worship, but they hesitated. Jesus came to where they were and said to them, "All authority in heaven and on earth was given to me; therefore, as you go into every nation, make disciples, baptizing them in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to keep every commandment I have given all of you. And understand this, I myself am with all of you each and every day, even until the completion of this age." ~ Matthew 28:16-20 (my translation)
Some important points to consider:
"but they hesitated" — Traditionally, this is translated as the eleven worshiped "but some doubted." But, there is no "some" in the Greek. All eleven went up the mountain. All eleven prostrated themselves. All eleven hesitated. That's the most credible and human part of the story, and some nervous King James Christian Cosplay translator didn't like it and added some hypothetical "some," which translations have followed ever since. Of course they hesitated. They are not sure they are seeing what they are seeing. After what they went through, how could they be sure? But they had the faith to go, and even if they had the very human response of questioning what they were seeing and experiencing — wondering whether it was a dream or a delusion — they still worshiped. Doubt or hesitation isn't the opposite of faith; certainty is, because certainty doesn't need faith. Doubt is the space in which faith can grow.
"was given" — Ἐδόθη is the aorist tense, not the perfect tense, as it is always translated. It is not "All authority in heaven and earth HAS BEEN GIVEN to me" but simply "WAS GIVEN to me." And the "was given" doesn't say when it was given. The tendency to read it as it was given after the death and resurrection is a reading into the text, not a reading out of it. It is Atonement theology, not Christology. All authority in heaven and earth was given to Jesus from the beginning. That is not an interpretation, but clearly stated throughout the entire gospel — demons state it and respond to it and are driven out because of it; the storms respond to it and are calmed; illness and medical conditions respond and are healed; miracles, exorcisms, healings, all of it are manifestations of that total authority Jesus was given. Even Moses and Elijah confirm it when they appear with Jesus on the mountain top, and God testifies to it when God says, "This is my beloved Son. Listen to him." God doesn't say to listen to Moses or Elijah or Peter or Paul, or to the Torah, or to the prophets, but to Jesus because he is the one with the authority. The resurrection doesn't earn it. It confirms it.
"as you go" — The traditional translation of "Go, therefore, and make disciples" makes the "go" an imperative. But they are not commanded to "go." The "go" is a participle. It is "going" or "as you go." It is not a command to go into all the nations of the world, but a statement that they will be going somewhere. They can't stay on the mountain with Jesus forever. They will be going, and as they go, the imperatives happen: make disciples, baptize, and teach. "Go therefore into all the world" reads more like a recruitment poster. It is Jesus as the Galilean version of Uncle Sam saying, "I want you!" But what is actually happening in the text is more like "as you live your ordinary lives, wherever you go from here, live what I told you. When people ask what you are doing and why, tell them. Some will come along. Baptize those who do. Teach them to live what I have told all of you. Lather. Rinse. Repeat." It's not so much a Great Commission as it is a Mundane Commission. Teach by how you live. Let your life be the teaching.
And what are they to teach? "Every commandment I have given all of you." All authority in heaven and on earth was given to Jesus, and the demons, the storms, the diseases, the lack of resources, the patriarchs and prophets all acknowledge it, and God testifies to it. The only ones who seem not to see it or respond to it are Christians. But if we can't be bothered to live the way Jesus said to live, then whatever we have to say about him is meaningless. We teach by how we live. And how do we live? We feed the hungry. We welcome the stranger. We visit those who are incarcerated, who are shut in, who are lonely. Why? Because that is how Jesus said we should live, and Jesus has ALL AUTHORITY. All authority on Sunday morning in a sanctuary? NO! ALL AUTHORITY IN HEAVEN AND ON EARTH—that's EVERYWHERE! Jesus never says to teach them a set of doctrines or propositions about him for people to carry in their heads, but to teach a way of being that is made visible in their lives. The first Christians were persecuted because there was no way to hide being Christian when it was their whole lives. Christians today would have no problem skating through those persecutions untouched.
"I myself am with all of you each and every day" —Jesus is with them—Jesus is with us—in the teachings Jesus gave us to live. Jesus and the teaching are one. If we believe in the Lord, we believe in the Lord's teachings. And if we believe it, we do it. If we don't do it, it's not belief, it's mental ma********on. Belief and faith in the Greek word pistis are not ideas in the mind but a direction of life. It is an orientation, a direction on how to live. If I believe I cannot fly, I don't run off the roof of my house, flapping my arms trying to fly. When Paul says, "If you believe in your heart that God raised Jesus from the dead," he is not saying if you hold an idea in your head or convince yourself of an impossible idea. He is saying if you believe it, you'll live as though it is true. If Jesus is LORD (Adonai), and God raised Jesus from the dead, how is your life reflecting that? How is Jesus with you in how you live your life? How do people look at you and see Jesus? Because if they don't, it's not because Jesus has moved far away from you, but because you have moved far away from Jesus.
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For anyone who wishes to challenge my work, the Greek text is:
Οἱ δὲ ἕνδεκα μαθηταὶ ἐπορεύθησαν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν εἰς τὸ ὄρος οὗ ἐτάξατο αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς,17 καὶ ἰδόντες αὐτὸν προσεκύνησαν, οἱ δὲ ἐδίστασαν.18 καὶ προσελθὼν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς λέγων, Ἐδόθη μοι πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ [τῆσ] γῆς.19 πορευθέντες οὖν μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος,20 διδάσκοντες αὐτοὺς τηρεῖν πάντα ὅσα ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν· καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ μεθ' ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος.